气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》的设计与实现

自然灾害公众教育可以提高全社会的灾害意识和忧患意识,增加公众的灾害知识,提高面对灾害的自救和互救能力,从而减少灾害的损失。为充分发挥电视在普及气象防灾减灾知识中的作用,依托已经发生或者新近发生的灾害事件,在纪实拍摄的基础上,充分利用数字媒体技术,设计了气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》。节目采用故事化叙事手段,关注灾害事件中的受灾群体,将致灾的自然力量与社会人文因素交织在一起,把自然变化放在社会环境之中,气象专家、灾害专家和社会学者对灾害事件详细解读,使观众对灾害的认识更全面更深刻。对于抽象的知识、科学原理等,采用动画演示,以求通俗易懂。灾害纪实画面、灾害亲历者的现场采访、动画、解说、音乐、音效等表现形式经数字音视频编辑技术协调平衡,既真实生动,又具科普价值。自2003年以来,在栏目设计指导下,已经拍摄制作了200余期节目,通过各种播放,发挥了良好的科普效益,也为进一步做好气象灾害专题教育积累了经验。     

湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征分析

为揭示湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征及雷电活动规律,以满足雷电灾害防护和雷击风险评估工作需要,采用湖北不同地理位置的13个雷击探测仪组成的闪电监测定位系统获取的2006年3月至2009年2月的云地闪电资料,从闪电的极性分布、日变化、月变化、强度、闪电密度、累计概率分布等方面进行统计分析。结果表明:云地闪电中负闪电占闪电总数的96.2%;正闪电占闪电总数的3.8%;闪电频次的日变化呈明显的单峰单谷型,一日中,最大值出现在15—16时,最小值在09—10时;一年中,4—8月闪电次数占全年闪电总数的95.9%,其中7—8月闪电次数最多;正、负闪电的强度主要集中在10～50 kA,大于30 kA的累积概率在50%以下,大于60 kA的累积概率8.1%,大于100 kA的累积概率1.6%;拟合出湖北地区大于某雷电流强度累积概率方程,经统计分析,实测值与计算值相关系数达0.99998。闪电密度分布呈明显的地域性差异,鄂东南的嘉鱼县、咸宁、黄石、鄂州市一带为闪电高密度区,鄂西的远安县、当阳市附近为闪电次高密度区。山区与丘陵、平原交接地带,即地表状况发生明显变化的地带,是雷电多发地带。鄂西南山区县市雷电日数较多,闪电密度不一定随之增加,其原因可能是山区县市土壤电阻率较大和山区局地小气候环境共同影响的结果。     

AMSR-E卫星亮度温度数据在高原东北部土壤湿度观测和模拟中的应用

为了改进青藏高原东北部土壤湿度的观测和模拟效果,利用AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS)亮度温度资料,估算了高原东北部的土壤湿度值;还利用耦合了Noah陆面模型的WRF中尺度模式WRF-Noah,结合牛顿松驰逼近同化法对AMSR-E估算的土壤湿度进行了同化试验。结果表明:与实测及NCEP再分析值土壤湿度相比,估算的高原东北部的土壤湿度值虽小些,但能够体现土壤湿度随降水事件等的影响。使用牛顿松弛逼近法同化后比没有同化或采用直接替代法模拟的土壤湿度的效果要好。在区域尺度上,通过对牛顿松弛逼近法中质量因子的详细控制,采用该同化方法后对沙漠地区土壤湿度的模拟改善最为明显,其次是草地以及灌木丛与草地混合区;在时间尺度上,采用牛顿松弛逼近同化方法后模拟值与实测值的均方根误差得到减少。     

陇中黄土高原地表能量不平衡特征及其影响机制研究

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)2008年夏季的观测资料,分析了陇中黄土高原地表能量不平衡特征及其影响机制,计算了地表和5 cm深处土壤热通量板之间的热储存,并对地表能量不平衡特征重新进行了计算和评价。当把土壤热储存作为地表能量收支的一部分考虑后,不平衡差额绝对值平均降低了23 W.m-2,能量不闭合度平均减小了0.104,利用最小二乘法(OLS)进行线性回归得到的平均不闭合度减小了0.085。从白天和晚上的能量不闭合度频率分布也能够看出,土壤热储存对地表能量收支平衡有很大改善。但即使考虑了土壤热储存项,地表能量不闭合仍然很明显。除了土壤热储存,边界层大气不同形式的输送能力作为对地气能量通量交换过程中的重要因素,对能量不平衡也会产生深远影响。结果显示,地表能量不闭合度分别与垂直速度w、水平风速u和对流速度尺度w*有较密切的关系。涡动相关法通量计算中常通过坐标旋转强迫垂直速度变为零,然而非零的垂直速度和垂直平流是真实存在的,忽略垂直平流热量输送是产生地表能量不平衡的重要原因。     

副高断裂前后四川盆地一次暴雨过程的比较分析

利用NCEP1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对副热带高压与西风槽典型环流形势配合下发生的一次四川区域性暴雨过程的不同阶段进行对比分析。结果表明,前期暴雨天气过程,其动力条件占到了主导地位,具有明显的经向垂直环流圈和垂直上升运动支,而在副高断裂后较强冷空气作用下,在副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程受西风带槽前的能量锋区影响,动力强迫作用和热力强迫作用激发的次级环流,进一步加强了四川盆地垂直运动的发展;冷空气作用前期的暴雨过程和冷空气进入后副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程中暴雨区域内的假相当位温均强于高层,大气处于对流性不稳定层结状态,对四川盆地暴雨的增强也起了不可忽视的作用,但由副高控制到副高逐渐断裂,湿位涡的斜压扰动是逐渐增强的过程,导致倾斜垂直涡度发展,激发更为强烈的上升运动;副高与西风槽环流形势相配合的暖区暴雨过程水汽主要来自中低层孟加拉湾;而副高断裂后发生在副高边缘的区域性暴雨过程,水汽主要来自850hPa层南海和孟加拉湾,从对流层中到低层,四川盆地东部恰恰是冷暖气流的交汇处,偏南气流将海上充沛的水汽输送到盆地东部,为暴雨的发生提供充足的水汽条件,并与对流层低层秦岭附近的东北冷气流交汇。     

Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO$_2$ Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China

Based on 3 years （2003-05） of the eddy covariance （EC） observations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semi-arid area of Tongyu （44°25′N, 122°52′E, 184 m a.s.1.）, Northeast China, seasonal and annual variations of water, energy and CO2 fluxes have been investigated. The soil moisture in the thin soil layer （at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m） clearly indicates the pronounced annual wet-dry cycle; the annual cycle is divided into the wet （growing season） and dry seasons （non-growing season）. During the growing season （from May to September）, the sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a linear dependence on the global solar radiation. However, in the non-growing season, the latent heat flux was always less than 50 W m^-2, while the available energy was dissipated as sensible, rather than latent heat flux. During the growing season in 2003-05, the daily average sensible and latent heat fluxes were larger on the cropland surface than on the degraded grassland surface. The cropland ecosystem absorbed more CO2 than the degraded grassland ecosystem in the growing season in 2003-05. The total evapotranspiration on the cropland was more than the total precipitation, while the total evapotranspiration on the degraded grassland was almost the same as the total annual precipitation in the growing season. The soil moisture had a good correlation with the rainfall in the growing season. Precipitation in the growing season is an important factor on the water and carbon budget in the semi-arid area.     

The Effects of Line-Wing Cutoff in LBL Integration on Radiation Calculations

There are three basic methods in radiative transfer calculations, i.e., line-by-line (LBL) integration, correlated k-distribution method, and band model. The LBL integration is the most accurate of all, in which, there are two quadrature algorithms named in this paper as integration by lines and by sampling "points when calculating atmospheric transmittance in the considered wavenumber region. Because the LBL integration is the most expensive of all, it is necessary and important to save calculation time but increase calculation speed when it is put into use in the daily operation in atmospheric remote sensing and atmospheric sounding. A simplified LBL method is given in this paper on the basis of integration by lines, which increases computational speed greatly with keeping the same accuracy. Then, we discuss the effects of different cutoff schemes on atmospheric absorption coefficient, transmittance, and cooling rate under both of accurate and simplified LBL methods in detail. There are four cutoff schemes described in this paper, i.e., CUTOFFs 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is shown by this numerical study that the way to cut off spectral line-wing has a great effect on the accuracy and speed of radiative calculations. The relative errors of the calculated absorption coefficients for CUTOFF 2 are the largest under different pressures, while for CUTOFF 1, they are less than 2% at most of sampling points and for CUTOFFs 3 or 4, they are ahnost less than 5% in the calculated spectral region, however, the calculation time is reduced greatly. We find in this study that the transmittance in the lower atmosphere is not sensitive to different LBL methods and different cutoff schemes. Whereas for the higher atmosphere, the differences of transmittance results between CUTOFF 2 and each of other three cutoff schemes are the biggest of all no matter for the accurate LBL or for the simplified LBL integrations. By comparison, the best and optimized cutoff scheme is given in this paper finally.     

Observations of Cloud Condensation Nuclei in North China

Using a DMT （Droplet Measurement Technologies） continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei （CCN） counter mounted on a Cheyenne IIIA aircraft, about 20 flights for aircraft mea- surements of CCN over North China were conducted in the autumn of 2005 and spring of 2006. According to the design for aircraft observation, the method of spiral ascent or descent in the troposphere was used for the vertical measurement of CCN, and some certain levels were chosen for horizontal measurement. The vertical distributions of CCN concentrations show that most CCN particles are concentrated in the low level of troposphere and CCN concentration decreased with height increasing. It suggests that the main source of CCN is from the surface. This result is consistent with former studies during 1983-1985 in China with a static thermal gradient CCN counter. The comparison of vertical observations between polluted rural area near Shijiazhuang and non-polluted rural area near Zhangjiakou shows that there is about five times difference in CCN concentration. But over two polluted cities, Shijiazhuang and Handan, there is no notable difference in CCN concentration. The horizontal flight measurements for penetrating the cumulus clouds experiment show the apparent decrease of CCN in clouds. It confirms that cloud has a definite consumptive effect on CCN particles because some CCN particles can form cloud droplets. The surface measurements of CCN in Shijiazhuang City were made during June-August 2005. The statistical CCN data show the great difference in concentration at the same supersaturation （S） in Shijiazhuang summertime. The minimum CCN concentrations were 584, 808, and 2431 cm-3, and the maximum concentrations were 9495, 16332, and 21812 cm-3 at S=0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. CCN has a diurnal variation cycle. From 0600 BT, the concentration began to increase and reached the maximum at about noon. Then it generally decreased throughout the afternoon. The reason maybe is related to the onset o     

Study of Methods for Three-Dimensional Multiple-Radar Reflectivity Mosaics

This paper investigated several approaches to remapping and combining multiple-radar reflectivity fields onto a unified 3D Cartesian grid with high spatial and temporal resolutions,and analyzed systematic ob servation differences among multiple radars.The remapping approaches were evaluated by inspecting the spatial consistency of the reflectivity fields on vertical and horizontal cross sections on the equidistant line of radars,and the intensity change of 1-h accumulated precipitation before and after interpolation.The com bining approaches were evaluated by continuity examination.The results show that for remapping schemes,the vertical interpolation with nearest neighbor on the range-azimuth plane is the most reasonable scheme that provides consecutive reflectivity fields and retains the high-resolution structure comparable to that of the raw data;for multiple-radar data mosaics,the distance-exponential-weighted mean scheme provides spatially consistent reflectivity mosaics.The mosaics call mitigate various problems caused by the radar beam geometry such as the cone of silence.     

中国新一代极轨气象卫星——风云三号

风云三号(简称FY-3)是中国第2代极地轨道气象卫星系列.它的第1颗星--风云三号A星(FY-3A)于2008年5月27日上午11时02分33秒在山西太原卫星发射中心发射升空.新一代极轨气象卫星主要是实现伞球、全天候、三维、定量、多光谱遥感,以满足现代气象业务,特别是数值天气预报业务的发展,同时监测大范围气象及其衍生自然灾害和生态环境变化,为研究全球气候变化规律,进行气候诊断和预测提供地球物理参数,为农、林、交通、海洋、水文等多领域提供服务.FY-3A携带11个对地观测仪器,其观测数据通过星地链路进入地面接收站,并在数据处理和服务中心(国家卫星气象中心大楼内)汇集.在强大的计算机和网络支撑下,利用科学算法对仪器遥感数据进行处理,生成各类产品,提供给用户使用.FY-3A发射后,经过半年的在轨测试和试运行,于2009年初正式投入业务运行,卫星和地面系统状态稳定,工作正常.文中较系统全面地介绍了卫星轨道、数传、仪器、数据接收、处理和产品等,尤其分析了星载仪器的主要技术特征,并给出了部分产品应用实例.